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Product details
File Size: 2098 KB
Print Length: 272 pages
Publisher: James Currey; 3 Expanded edition (November 18, 2016)
Publication Date: November 18, 2016
Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC
Language: English
ASIN: B00C4GUA0I
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I have been doing research on Sudan and South Sudan in academic and organizational settings since my third year of college and have read just about every book that focuses on conflict in Sudan. Douglas Johnson's work is the most comprehensive, although I recommend reading work by R.O. Collins, J.M. Jok, S.E. Hutchinson, P.A. Nyaba, Alex de Waal, and John Young as well for various approaches and perspectives on Sudan's conflict. Johnson frames his assessment of the history of conflict in Sudan as a matter of unequal distribution of power and wealth between the center and peripheries. Over the past several hundred years, the political center has shifted from Darfur/Kordofan during the Mahdi's time, to colonial power focused on agricultural schemes, to riverine Arab groups that dominated politics from Sudan's independence in 1956 until South Sudan's independence in 2011, and continue to dominate Sudan today.Johnson traces the development of uneven power relationships, specifically focusing on issues of land appropriation on Sudan's margins that produced disaffection among groups that the state ostensibly should have been serving. Center-periphery relations are framed both in political and spatial terms, and the overlaps between these are covered fairly well in Johnson's work. The complexities produced by these political and spatial dynamics are very nuanced: for example, during the 1970s, Equatorian politicians sided with President Nimeiry (political center at the time) in favor of federalism for South Sudan; however, this decentralization of power would have actually produced weaker states rather than strength in Southern Sudan, and thus it was opposed by the more powerful politicians in Juba. Furthermore, Nimeiry's offer of federalism elided the issue of Khartoum's appropriation of Unity State and sections of Upper Nile that were found during the 1970s to contain oil reserves.This updated version of "Root Causes" brings the analysis of relations between center and periphery right up to South Sudan's independence, and proves relevant to conceptualizing dynamics in both Sudan and South Sudan as civil wars continue to rage on multiple fronts in both countries. Johnson treats fairly carefully the coalitions and fractions of various political parties, although for more in-depth histories of political groups, other supplemental sources are needed (for anyone interested, I have created a visual timeline: http://mapeastafrica.com/sudan-political-timelines-project/). Johnson's conclusion is that the fundamental relations of power in Sudan have not changed, despite South Sudan's independence. The continuing drive to privatize communal land in the name of development continues to enrich the political elite while destroying livelihoods and producing rebellions on the peripheries.Overall, I found this book informative and worth reading. The timeline in the back of the book also allows the reader to glance at an overview of events as he or she progresses through Sudan's recent history. Along with P.A. Nyaba's "The Politics of Liberation in South Sudan" and Jok Madut Jok's "Sudan: Race, Religion and Violence," I class this as a must-read for those wishing to learn about the recent history of Sudan and South Sudan.
After reading this book, you will laugh at newspaper reports that describe the conflict in Sudan as between "the Muslim north and Christian and animist south". Johnson not only has extensive academic publications in Sudanese ethnography and historiography, but also worked in the aid field in the country. He is also, in a well-sourced, calm and clearly presented manner, outraged at how thoroughly misunderstood the situation in Sudan is. The detail in this book is amazing. I consider myself fairly knowledgeable in an armchair kind of way about southern Sudan, and was consistently being presented with either facts of which I was unaware or, better yet, syntheses tying together various fields in a historical perspective. The offensives, famines, factionalism within southern groups, agricultural schemes, external mediators, forced displacement patterns, and competing aid agencies are all here, and presented so one can see the linkages. This is one of the rare books in which, for example, the connection between the timing of government offensives to seasonal rainfall is convincingly fit within framework of underdevelopment as a political strategy.There are a couple points that made me consider moving this down to four stars. One is that Johnson is clearly partisan to the south. He is not fatally so in my opinion, describing some very unflattering characteristics and actions of Garang's faction, and making his bias clear from the beginning. By the end of the book, he also makes a strong case that "neutrality" has been misused or abused in the context of the Sudanese wars, and led me to muse that his outrage seems to spring from his knowledge, versus some writers about southern Sudan whose outrage impedes their learning. I also occasionally found the division of the book in its latter section into thematic sections confusing, especially in cases where the text would refer to later chapters for more information about a mentioned event or process. Fortunately, the appendix includes both a detailed chronology from 1972 through 2001 and a pretty good topical index for when I needed a bit of help orienting myself. The extensive annotated bibliography would be quite useful for some people. There is also the rather obvious issue that the book was written prior to the finalization of the peace agreement and death of Garang, which makes me anxious for an update.Bottom line: If you want to know about the conflicts in Sudan between 1983 and 2001, then this is the book. If you've read other works on Sudan, you'll be astonished at how thoroughly Johnson annihilates the common wisdom. And whoever you are, you may come to share some of Johnson's outrage.
If you are an expert on Sudan, or know quite a bit already, this book may be 4-star book. If you are only a beginner, who knows little, this book is probably not for you, and you would only get "two stars" out of it. For those not so well-versed, I recommend Jok Madut Jok's book on "Sudan, Race ,Religion and Violence." Douglas Johnson's book is written with the assumption that its audience has some familiarity with Sudan already. All others will get quickly lost in the details of the Sudanese conflict, which are quite extensively (if not exhaustively) presented. The writing can tend to be very academic and dry in parts, but the patient reader will glean some real gems of wisdom - or perhaps I should say hot coals of horror - for the intolerance and blindness which has helped perpetuate this conflict really staggers the mind of all people accustomed to peace and tolerance in a democratic society. This work goes to show that unfortunately most people do not have that experience, as the people in Sudan are locked in a conflict that is "racist" and "religion-ist", while they struggle to lift themselves out of poverty. Again experts or those avid or patient enough will get a lot out of Johnson's book - but the reading will not be easy, especially if you have no real prior knowledge of the Sudanese conflict.
Douglas Johnson's "The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars" was an informative and interesting read. I enjoyed it because it gave me insights into the current crisis and why the South Sudanese still find a reason to continue to fight not only the Sudanese but also fighting among the tribes in South Sudan.
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